Lake Chala is a stunning crater lake on the border of Tanzania and Kenya. It was formed over 250,000 years ago as a result of volcanic activity associated with Mount Kilimanjaro. It sits in a deep caldera, which was created by a massive eruption that caused the land to cave in, forming the lake basin. Over time, underground springs fed by Kilimanjaro’s glaciers filled the crater, creating the lake we see today.
The depth is estimated to be over 90 meters, making it one of Tanzania’s deepest lakes. It is home to unique fish species, birds, and sometimes even elephants that come to drink from the lake.
Lake Chala is surrounded by mystery and folklore, with local legends passed down through generations. Many locals believe that Lake Chala is bottomless and that its depth is unknown. Some even say that objects or people disappearing into the lake are never seen again.
One legend tells of a battle between the Chaga and Pare tribes, where warriors were pushed into the lake, and their spirits are said to still haunt the waters. Some locals claim to hear whispers or strange sounds coming from the lake at night.
According to another one (created by Chaga people), cattle once mysteriously disappeared from nearby villages, only to reappear on the opposite side of the lake in Kenya. Some believe the lake has an underground tunnel that connects it to other bodies of water, allowing objects (or even animals) to vanish and reappear elsewhere.
Moreover, local stories speak of a water spirit or serpent-like creature that lives in Lake Chala, guarding its depths. Some believe this spirit punishes those who disrespect the lake, leading to unexplained drownings or disappearances. Fishermen and locals often perform small rituals or offerings before entering the lake to seek the spirit’s protection.
How to get there?
Lake Chala is about 55 km from Moshi and 140 km from Arusha.
From Moshi
It’s about a 1.5-hour drive. Take the Moshi–Taveta Road towards the Kenya border. About 7-8 kilometres past Himo, turn right onto a dirt road leading to Lake Chala.
From Arusha
It’s a 3 to 4-hour drive. Drive to Moshi via the Arusha-Moshi Highway and then follow the same route from Moshi to Lake Chala as described above.
By Public Transport
Take a bus or dala-dala from Moshi to Himo Town. From Himo, hire a motorbike (boda-boda) or taxi to the lake.
By Tour Package
Many tour operators in Moshi and Arusha offer guided day trips, including transport, meals, and activities like hiking or kayaking. I found the best price at Karibu Africa House in Moshi – 80 USD, all-inclusive. Ignore other offers asking for 150 – 200 USD as this is a typical Tanzanian rip-off.
Lake Chala
The best time to visit
June to October (Cool and Dry Season): ideal for hiking and wildlife spotting, with less rain and pleasant temperatures.
December to February (Warm and Dry Season): great for swimming and kayaking, with warm temperatures and clear skies.
Months to avoid:
March to May (Long Rainy Season): Heavy rains can make trails muddy and access roads difficult.
November (Short Rainy Season): Occasional showers, but still possible to visit.
Where to stay?
If you want to stay in Moshi and just do a day trip to Lake Chala, I recommend Karibu Africa House and The Better Inn. Both places offer good quality at an affordable price, and they also offer day trips to Lake Chala, but Karibu Africa House is significantly cheaper.
If you decide to spend the night in nature, Lake Chala Safari Lodge and Campsite should be your choice. In February 2025, it was closed for renovation, so call them for more information before going.
Lake Chala
How much does it cost?
If you go solo, you will probably be asked to pay a 30 USD entrance fee. It is a so-called “wildlife fee”, but unfortunately, no wildlife is around. I think it is way too much, and while the lake is pretty, it is not worth that amount of money. Unfortunately, Tanzania is heading in a weird direction as a travel destination for wealthy people, and the prices in many places are simply ridiculous. Result? Nobody is there, so maybe after al,l the strategy doesn’t work…
If you decide to book a trip with an agent, the entrance fee and lunch will be included in the price.
Lake Chala
My experience
After a delicious breakfast at Karibu House Africa, I was picked up but their driver at 9:30 AM and we set off towards Lake Chala, picking up a packed lunch on the way.
We had some usual conversation about Tanzania and Poland, so the time passed quickly, and we approached the turn-off from the tarmac road towards Lake Chala. This section was way more bumpy, but the car wasn’t even 4×4, so it is perfectly doable in dry conditions.
First, the driver went to check in and pay the entrance fee. Then we continued towards Lake Chala Safari Lodge and Campsite, from where we walked to the viewpoint, partly following a dry riverbed and narrow paths in the bush. It was scorching hot, and I felt really lucky I didn’t forget my hat that time.
River canyon near Lake ChalaKayaking on Lake ChalaKayaking on Lake Chala
The viewpoint was impressive. We could see a vast panorama of the crater lake, taking the same rest in the shadow of the trees.
Then, we hiked back and went down to the lakeside. I wore a lifejacket and jumped in the kayak as I got the chance to paddle freely around the lake. It was really nice, although the wind was strong, and when I was in the middle, I could feel it pushing me back. Some were monkeys hanging out in the trees, but besides that, I didn’t see any wildlife.
At the end, we had lunch at the shaded observation point near the lodge. We were the only people there, so it was quiet and peaceful.
Was it worth it?
Overall, I spent a nice day at Lake Chala, but taking into consideration how much it costs, it isn’t worth it. I had the feeling that it was just another attraction in Tanzania taking advantage of tourists, trying to rip them off as much as possible. The view of the lake is nice, but it definitely isn’t a “must-see” place.
Mount Longido is a mountain in northern Tanzania, located in the Longido District of the Arusha Region. It rises to about 2,637 meters above sea level and is part of the larger Longido Mountain Forest Reserve. The mountain is known for its lush forests, diverse wildlife, and hiking trails that attract nature enthusiasts and trekkers.
Situated near the Kenya-Tanzania border, Mount Longido provides stunning views of Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Meru, and the surrounding plains. The area is home to the Maasai people, who graze their cattle on its lower slopes. The trek to the summit is a challenging but rewarding experience, passing through acacia woodlands, montane forests, and rocky outcrops.
It’s not a popular mountain, and very likely you will be the only tourist on the trail. However, if you are planning to climb Kilimanjaro anytime soon, going up to the summit of Mount Longido could be a perfect warm-up!
How to get there?
Getting to Arusha
Most travellers start their journey in Arusha, a major city in northern Tanzania. You can reach Arusha by:
Flight: Fly into Kilimanjaro International Airport (JRO) or Arusha Airport (ARK).
Bus: If coming from other Tanzanian cities like Moshi, there are regular bus services.
Arusha to Longido Town
Mount Longido is about 80 km north of Arusha, along the Arusha–Namanga highway (A104). Travel options include:
Private Car / Taxi: Takes about 1.5 to 2 hours.
Public Bus (Dalla-Dalla) or Shared Car (Noah): Buses run from Arusha to Longido town, but they may be crowded and slow. The best idea is to take a shared car, which is commonly called “Noah”. They leave when full and are packed to the limits, but they are faster. They are heading to the border with Kenya in Namanga, so make sure that the driver knows that he should drop you in Longido.
One place in a shared car (Noah) costs 7.000 TZS.
From Longido Town to the Mountain
The mountain is just a short distance from Longido town. First, you need to go to the office of the Longido Cultural Tourism Programme (LCTP), which offers guided treks and cultural experiences. There, you can organise a permit and a guide. LCTP is located near the Lutheran Church, and there is a sign on the main road going through the town indicating the turn-off to the right if coming from the direction of Arusha. If you can’t find it, just ask guys on motorbikes and they will take you there for a small fee.
The view from the summit
How much does it cost?
After reaching the Longido Cultural Tourism Programme (LCTP) office, you will be asked to pay 60 USD for the guide and permit and 10 USD “village fee” (whatever that means). So, the total cost of the hike for me was 70 USD. I was climbing alone, so I am not sure if the cost is lower in the case of bigger groups but probably yes.
It’s a good idea to contact LCTP before your hike to ensure the guide’s availability. Here is their phone number: +255 787 855 185, and email address: touryman2017@yahoo.com. They are reachable on WhatsApp.
The view of Longido Town
The best time to visit
June to October (Long Dry Season): Cool temperatures and clear skies.
December to February (Short Dry Season): Warmer temperatures, but still good for trekking. Great visibility with clear views of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Meru.
Months to avoid:
March to May (Long Rainy Season): Heavy rains can make the trails slippery and difficult.
November (Short Rainy Season): Unpredictable rain showers can make hiking less enjoyable.
How long does it take?
If you are reasonably fit, the hike up and down should take 6-8 hours. You may also opt for an overnight camping adventure, and I am sure it’s a great experience to witness sunrise with views of Kenya, Mount Meru, or even Kilimanjaro.
Hiking trail through the forest
My experience
After I arranged the permit, the guide arrived within a few minutes and looked like he was running the whole way to the tourist office! He wasn’t too talkative, so most of the way, we were walking in silence, and just occasionally, I was asked how I was. Well, it was fine for me as I don’t like unnecessary conversations while going up the mountain or running.
First, we went through the village and then along the stream where children were bathing and washing their clothes. The trail was rocky, with small trees and quite exposed to the sun. Luckily, it was cloudy at that time. Then, we entered the forest, and the trail was getting steeper and steeper. Sometimes we had to speed up as there were plenty of ants all around the path.
The way through a fairy tale forestAlmost there!
Once we left the forest, it was time for a longer break with a snack. We continued for a short time through the grassland, then entered the forest again. It was a bit similar to the one that I saw in Kilimanjaro with moss-covered trees. From the next plateau, we could already see the summit. I was a little bit anxious when I saw the metal footholds on the almost vertical rock leading to the summit. Luckily, climbing up wasn’t that bad, although the footholds were placed a bit too far from each other to put my feet comfortably.
Finally, after ascending more than 1300 meters, we reached the summit from which we could admire an impressive view of Kenya and the plains on the Tanzanian side. Even Maasai bomas were visible! Look for the circular shapes.
Panoramic view from the summit
The weather was much better than I expected. Although we could not see Kilimanjaro as it was a bit too hazy, the sky was mostly blue with some picturesque clouds. I didn’t have to make use of my rain jacket or any warmer layers, but don’t forget to pack yours. The weather in that place can be very changeable!
After snacks and a photo break, we started the descent and (unsurprisingly) going down was way more challenging on those metal footholds! They were way too far from each other, and I was struggling with where to put my feet, but my guide was very helpful, and soon I was at the bottom, wet from sweat. The rest of the way down was perfectly fine and we came back following the same trail as to the top.
Approaching the summitOn the summit of Mount Longido
Overall, a very nice and memorable hike! We didn’t see any wildlife, but the guide told me that there were buffalo around, and there were even some sightings of leopards. It’s a pity we couldn’t see Kilimanjaro, but you need to be quite lucky with that, as it’s best viewed in the morning when it’s less likely to be cloudy. On the other hand, we saw Mount Meru as well as Ol Doinyo Lengai.
When we arrived back at the LCTP office, the guy was trying to organise transport for me back to Arusha, but it seemed that there were no dala-dalas as it was Sunday. He dropped me near the traffic police that was on the roadside, and when an officer stopped an upcoming Land Cruiser, I asked the driver if he was going to Arusha and could give me a lift. He agreed without any issues. I guess the policeman was trying to find a reason to fine him, as the driver got very emotional and they both started shouting at each other. Well, I’m not surprised, the policeman was surely an asshole looking for money to put in his pocket which is common in Tanzania.
The rest of the trip was very smooth, and I arrived at my hotel in Arusha just before sunset.
Metal footholds near the summit
What else to do in Longido Town
The guy from the Longido Cultural Tourism Programme (LCTP) office can help you organise a visit to the Maasai Village, which includes traditional dance. It’s quite pricey (about 150.000 TZS), so it’s better to go in a group to split the costs.
The Serengeti is one of Africa’s most iconic ecosystems, stretching across Tanzania and into Kenya. The name Serengeti comes from the Maasai word “Siringet,” meaning “endless plains.” This vast savanna is home to the Great Migration, where millions of wildebeest, zebras, and gazelles move across the land in search of fresh grazing, followed closely by predators like lions, cheetahs, and hyenas.
For centuries, the Maasai people, one of East Africa’s most famous indigenous tribes, have lived in and around the Serengeti. They are semi-nomadic pastoralists known for their colourful shúkàs (robes), intricate beadwork, and deep connection to cattle which they consider sacred.
The Maasai arrived in the region around the 17th and 18th centuries, migrating south from the Nile Valley. They thrived in the Serengeti due to their mastery of cattle herding, a practice central to their culture. To the Maasai, cattle are not just livestock – they are a source of wealth, social status, and spiritual significance.
For a long time, the Maasai coexisted with wildlife, practising a sustainable lifestyle that allowed animals to roam freely. Unlike some other tribes, they traditionally avoided hunting wild animals, relying instead on their cattle for food.
The Serengeti National Park was officially established in 1951 to protect its incredible wildlife, but this also led to challenges for the Maasai. Many were forced to relocate when the park boundaries were drawn, particularly from the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, where they had lived and grazed cattle for generations.
While they were excluded from Serengeti National Park itself, the Maasai were later allowed to live and graze their cattle in certain areas, such as Ngorongoro, which became a multi-use conservation zone. This led to ongoing discussions about land rights and conservation.
Today, the Serengeti remains one of the world’s greatest wildlife destinations.
How to get there?
The Serengeti is located in northern Tanzania, about 325 km from Arusha, the main gateway for safaris. You can reach the park by air or road, depending on your budget and preference.
By Air
If you want to save time, flying is the best option. Several small airlines operate flights to airstrips within the park.
Domestic flights to Serengeti depart from: Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Dar es Salaam, or Zanzibar and arrive at: Seronera, Kogatende, Grumeti, or other Serengeti airstrips. Cost: $200–$500 one way (varies by season and route)
By Road with Organised Safari
Driving to the Serengeti allows you to enjoy the stunning landscapes along the way, but it takes longer. Most visitors travel by 4×4 safari vehicles with a guide, either on a private or group tour.
Book a private or group safari tour from Arusha or other nearby locations for minimal hassle. I booked mine with Travel Africa Safari Agency as a part of a 6-day safari that included Tarangire, Ngorongoro, Serengeti, and Lake Manyara. Although some organisational aspects could be improved, it was a good quality-to-price ratio. They offer a so-called joining safari, which is a great way to save money and meet new people.
The drive from Arusha to Serengeti takes about 5-7 hours. It’s the best option for travellers who want a full safari experience and don’t mind long drives.
The best time to visit
The Serengeti is a year-round destination, but the best time to visit depends on what you want to see, especially the Great Migration and wildlife viewing conditions.
Best Overall Time: Dry Season (June – October)
This is the prime safari season when wildlife is easiest to spot as animals gather around water sources. The weather is dry, and roads are in good condition. Cool mornings, warm afternoons, little to no rain.
Great Migration: July to October is when wildebeest cross the Mara River into Kenya’s Masai Mara, an epic sight.
Crowds: High – it’s peak season, so book early.
Best for the Great Migration: December – July
December – March: Calving season in the southern Serengeti (Ndutu area) – thousands of wildebeest give birth, attracting predators.
April – May: Herds start moving north; lush landscapes but occasional heavy rains.
June – July: Dramatic Grumeti River crossings as wildebeest head north.
Best for Fewer Crowds & Green Scenery: Wet Season (November – May)
The landscape is lush, fewer tourists, and fantastic birdwatching. Wildlife viewing is still good, but animals spread out more. Short rains (Nov-Dec) and long rains (March-May), but safari lodges stay open.
Great Migration: Calving season (Feb – March) is ideal for baby animals and predator action.
When to Avoid?
March-May: Heavy rains can make some roads muddy and harder to navigate, but the scenery is breathtaking.
My experience
I spent in Serengeti 48 hours at the end of January and damn, what an experience it was!
Day 1: The way to Serengeti
The day started with breakfast at Ngedere Lodge in Mto Wa Mbu. We arrived there the day before after doing a game drive in Tarangire National Park. The lodge is a kind of base for the safari operator that I used. Different jeeps were coming and leaving, taking people to their destinations. Even though I booked a camping safari, I got a private room in the lodge, which was really nice, and there was hot water under the shower. Dinner and breakfast were delicious, and there was even a short dancing and acrobatics show performed by a local group of enthusiasts.
After breakfast, we were introduced to our driver, Mayunga. Besides him, there were 6 of us in a Toyota Land Cruiser ,which is a typical safari car in Tanzania.
After an over 1-hour drive, we reached the entrance gate to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. While Mayunga was getting the permit, we had time to use the restrooms and have a look at the baboons hanging around the parking lot. Then, we stopped at the Ngorongoro Crater Viewpoint, and it was simply breathtaking! Such an impressive, vast caldera, full of green colour contrasting with the blue sky. Thanks to binoculars, we could spot some bigger animals down there. We had a game drive in Ngorongoro Crater planned after visiting Serengeti, so it was just a first taste of it, from the viewpoint of the crater rim.
While we were taking pictures, Mayunga noticed that we had a flat tyre and he had to change it. I was thinking that it wasn’t a good sign that we had our first problems with a vehicle after such a short drive, but luckily it was the first and last time.
Once he fixed the wheel, we continued through the land of Maasai, with their villages and bomas visible in the distance. We also noticed the first animals: wildebeest and zebras. Soon, we reached the entrance sign of Serengeti National Park, so we stopped for a picture. The Maasai people and their houses disappeared from the landscape, as today they cannot live inside the park. We followed a wide dirt road, and soon we encountered one of the best experiences during the whole trip – the Great Migration. Thousands of zebras and wildebeests were on the road and around it. We also saw some elephants and buffalo.
Unfortunately, it started raining, so we had to close the roof of our Land Cruiser, but still, it was an epic ride. Once we were getting closer to our camp, Mayunga got some info on the radio and quickly turned around. We could only suspect that there was some animal that he wanted to show us, and we were not wrong. A lion was sleeping on the branch of a huge tree, in the middle of the savannah. The view is like straight from the National Geographic documentary film. I was so looking forward to the next day!
We arrived at the campsite. The tents were more than fine, so I put my stuff inside and went to the eating area to enjoy dinner and conversation with the rest of my group. Suddenly, someone screamed: LIONS! And indeed, a group of about 17 lions were passing by near the campsite. Imagine that! On the next day, someone noticed a paw print in the sand very close to the tents. They were around the whole night!
I imagined that the camps were somehow fenced and there were some armed guards, but it was just an open area in the middle of the savannah! For me, it was a really cool experience, although some people were afraid to go pee in the middle of the night 🙂
Day 2: Full-day game drive in Serengeti
We started the game drive without unnecessary delays, which I liked a lot. Soon after leaving the camp, we saw some giraffes and elephants. After that, we headed towards the “hippo pool”, and as the name suggests, there were plenty of them. They are quite bad with hygiene, so prepare yourself for intense and not necessarily pleasant smells. The weather was pretty crappy as it was rainy and quite cold!
Then, we started heading towards the border with Kenya, and it was quite a long drive without any significant wildlife, but scenic nevertheless. We stopped for a bush lunch on the hood of our Land Cruiser.
We made a few rounds around that area but didn’t spot anything significant, so we started heading back. Finally, we encountered some more elephants and hippos, and at the end of the day, lions. One of them, a female, was walking in the grass, and Mayunga took a right turn to meet it on the parallel road. Unfortunately, he drove a bit too close, so the car scared the animal off, but we were able to see as it climbed the tree and got itself comfortable on a branch.
Then, we saw some more lions, including males with impressive hair, but we couldn’t get any closer by car as leaving the main roads is not allowed. The lions were quite lazy, just lying in the grass! Anyway, it was an exciting end to the day!
During the dinner, someone forgot to close the door to the eating area, and a hyena came inside but then quickly escaped when one of the drivers screamed to scare it off. We could only see its eyes in the nearby bush, reflecting the light of the flashlights.
Day 3: Great Migration and leaving the park
The morning was pretty chilly again, and the plan for the day was a half-day game drive in Serengeti and then a drive to the campsite in Ngorongoro. The flat plains are broken in several places by isolated and much-eroded granite “islands” called kopjes, and we spent some time going around them looking for lions, but unfortunately, we weren’t lucky.
However, shortly after, all of a sudden, we encountered again the Great Migration. Hundreds of zebras and wildebeests were followed by predators resting just a few meters away in the grass. Breathtaking. I just couldn’t stop taking pictures and absorbing what I could see. Amazing spectacle of nature. For me, it was the best part of the safari. Zebras or wildebeests are not in the Big Five, but their number and presence all around were just mindblowing.
Then, we continued the drive, and we found some cheetahs. They were lying under the tree, chilling in the shade. Unfortunately, other cars were blocking the access, so I couldn’t take a decent picture, and it seemed that Mayunga was a bit in a hurry to head to the exit from the park, as he didn’t want to wait too long to get a better angle.
There was one more cheetah out there in the plains. It looked majestic. What a smooth and dynamic body!
Then, we started heading towards the exit of the Serengeti. We saw one more lion under the tree, consuming the leg of a zebra. That view couldn’t get any more authentic.
We stopped for lunch at the gate, and it was time to say goodbye to the magical Serengeti. I truly hope that one day I will come back to this place.
Nearby places worth visiting
Ngorongoro Conservation Area
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area is a unique protected region in northern Tanzania, known for its diverse wildlife, stunning landscapes, and rich history. It is home to the Ngorongoro Crater, the world’s largest inactive, intact volcanic caldera, which supports many animals, including the Big Five: lions, elephants, buffalo, leopards, and rhinos.
It’s about a 2-hour drive from Naabi Hill Gate to Ngorongoro Crater Viewpoint. You will find more information about this place in a separate post HERE.
Ngorongoro Viewpoint
Tarangire National Park
It is home to one of the largest elephant populations in Tanzania. You may also spot lions, leopards, cheetahs, giraffes, zebras, buffalo, wildebeest, and over 500 bird species.
Tarangire River is the park’s lifeline and attracts wildlife year-round. In the dry season (June–October), animals from surrounding areas migrate here for water.
The park’s landscape is known for its iconic baobab trees, also known as the “Tree of Life.” Other than that, you will experience rolling savannas, wetlands, and acacia woodlands.
It’s about a 4-5 hour drive from Naabi Hill Gate to Tarangire National Park. You will find more information about this place in a separate post HERE.
Tarangire National Park
Lake Manyara National Park
Lake Manyara is a shallow, alkaline lake. It covers approximately 470 square kilometres and is part of Lake Manyara National Park, a UNESCO-designated biosphere reserve. The lake is known for its rich biodiversity, including large populations of flamingos, over 400 bird species, and a variety of wildlife such as elephants, hippos, giraffes, and the famous tree-climbing lions.
It’s about a 3-hour drive from Naabi Hill Gate to Lake Manuara National Park. You will find more information about this place in a separate post HERE.
Lake Manyara is a shallow, alkaline lake in northern Tanzania, located within the East African Rift Valley. It covers approximately 470 square kilometres and is part of Lake Manyara National Park, a UNESCO-designated biosphere reserve. The lake is known for its rich biodiversity, including large populations of flamingos, over 400 bird species, and a variety of wildlife such as elephants, hippos, giraffes, and the famous tree-climbing lions.
The lake’s name is believed to come from the Maasai word emanyara, referring to a spiky plant used to build protective enclosures around their homesteads. The surroundings of the park feature diverse landscapes, including groundwater forests, savannas, and wetlands.
Visitors to Lake Manyara can enjoy game drives, birdwatching, canoeing (seasonal), and cultural experiences in the nearby town of Mto wa Mbu. The lake is also home to fish species like tilapia and catfish, with the endangered Oreochromis amphimelas endemic to the area.
How to get there?
Getting to Lake Manyara depends on your starting point, but the most common routes are from Arusha, which is the main gateway to northern Tanzania’s safari circuit.
By Road
From Arusha: The drive to Lake Manyara National Park takes about 2 to 2.5 hours (approximately 126 km). The road is well-paved up to the park gate, making it an easy drive.
From Kilimanjaro International Airport (JRO): If you’re arriving by international flight, it’s about 3-4 hours (170 km) by road to the park.
From Ngorongoro Crater or Serengeti: If you’re coming from the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, it’s about 1.5 to 2 hours (80 km) to Lake Manyara. From the Serengeti, the drive can take 4-6 hours, depending on your exact location in the park.
Self-Drive vs. Tour Operator: While self-driving is possible, most visitors book a guided safari through a tour operator, which includes transport, park entry fees, and game drives.
By Air
Manyara Airstrip (Lake Manyara Airport): There are domestic flights from Arusha, Serengeti, or Kilimanjaro to the Manyara Airstrip, which is just outside the park. Airlines like Coastal Aviation, Air Excel, and Regional Air offer scheduled and chartered flights.
By Organised Safari
Book a private or group safari tour from Arusha or other nearby locations for minimal hassle. I booked mine with Travel Africa Safari Agency as part of a 6-day safari that included Tarangire, Ngorongoro, Serengeti, and Lake Manyara. Although some organisational aspects could be improved, it was a good quality-to-price ratio. They offer a so-called joining safari, which is a great way to save money and meet new people.
The best time to visit
Best Overall Time: Dry Season (June – October)
Wildlife is easier to spot as animals gather around water sources, and the roads are in good condition. The weather is dry and sunny, with little to no rain. However, it is peak tourist season, so the park can be busier.
Best for Birdwatching & Lush Scenery: Wet Season (November – May)
Thousands of flamingos and migratory birds arrive, and the landscape is green and beautiful. Occasional rains, but mostly clear skies from January to February. Wildlife viewing is still good, though animals are more spread out. Fewer tourists, making for a quieter experience.
When to Avoid
March to May (Heavy rains): Roads can get muddy, and wildlife is harder to spot.
My experience
Lake Manyara was the last stop on my 6-day safari, and maybe that was why I wasn’t so excited about what I saw. Serengeti and Ngorongoro set the bar so high that doing a game drive at the lake was quite unmemorable.
The morning was super rainy, and a heavy thunderstorm delayed our departure from Ngedere Lodge quite a bit. Luckily, later during the day, the sky cleared up and the weather was beautiful.
Soon after we passed the entrance gate, we saw plenty of gibbons and even some blue monkeys. They were just hanging on the fallen trees, next to each other, as it was quite a cold morning, and it was still raining.
Blue monkeys are one of three primate species in the park, along with baboons and vervet monkeys. They are mainly olive or grey, with a dark face and a blackish cap, feet, and front legs. They have little hair on their face, which can sometimes make them appear blue.
Later on, we saw some giraffes, zebras and elephants, but compared to the scale of Serengeti or Ngorongoro, it was not that breathtaking. The park is quite overgrown, so it’s difficult to spot animals in the bush. Nevertheless, it was cool to see a group of elephants simply walking on the main road.
After lunch, we drove down to the shore looking for lions that climb the trees and very often can be spotted chilling there, but we weren’t lucky on the day and we didn’t see any.
Lake Manyara is huge (470 square kilometres), and you can’t even see the other side of it. It doesn’t look as impressive from the shore as it does from the viewpoint located en route to Ngorongoro. There are many dead trees in the water, the result of the lake overflowing.
All in all, out of the places that were included in my safari trip: Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Tarangire and Lake Manyara, the last one was the least interesting and I would even say that it could be completely skipped. We didn’t see too many animals, but on the other hand, maybe the perception would be different if it weren’t the last place to visit, but the first.
Nearby places worth visiting
Ngorongoro Conservation Area
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area is a unique protected region in northern Tanzania, known for its diverse wildlife, stunning landscapes, and rich history. It is home to the Ngorongoro Crater, the world’s largest inactive, intact volcanic caldera, which supports many animals, including the Big Five: lions, elephants, buffalo, leopards, and rhinos.
It’s about a 1-2 hour drive from Lake Manyara to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. You will find more information about this place in a separate post HERE.
Ngorongoro Viewpoint
Tarangire National Park
It is home to one of the largest elephant populations in Tanzania. You may also spot lions, leopards, cheetahs, giraffes, zebras, buffalo, wildebeest, and over 500 bird species.
Tarangire River is the park’s lifeline and attracts wildlife year-round. In the dry season (June–October), animals from surrounding areas migrate here for water.
The park’s landscape is known for its iconic baobab trees, also known as the “Tree of Life.” Other than that, you will experience rolling savannas, wetlands, and acacia woodlands.
It’s about a 1.5 – 2-hour drive from Lake Manyara to Tarangire National Park. You will find more information about this place in a separate post HERE.
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area is a unique protected region in northern Tanzania, known for its diverse wildlife, stunning landscapes, and rich history. It is home to the Ngorongoro Crater, the world’s largest inactive, intact volcanic caldera, which supports many animals, including the Big Five: lions, elephants, buffalo, leopards, and rhinos.
The area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is distinct because it allows wildlife conservation and human habitation. The Maasai people live within the conservation area, continuing their traditional pastoral lifestyle while coexisting with the animals.
Ngorongoro is also significant for its archaeological sites, including Olduvai Gorge, where some of the oldest human fossils and tools have been discovered, offering insights into early human evolution. The region’s diverse ecosystems range from grasslands and forests to wetlands and highland plains, creating a haven for wildlife enthusiasts and researchers.
How to get there?
Getting to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area depends on your starting point, but most visitors arrive via Arusha, the main gateway to Tanzania’s northern safari circuit. Here are the main ways to reach Ngorongoro:
By Road
From Arusha: It’s about 160 km, taking 3 to 4 hours by car. Most visitors take a guided safari in a 4×4 vehicle. Self-driving inside the crater is allowed.
From Serengeti National Park: A drive from Serengeti to Ngorongoro takes about 3 to 5 hours, depending on the route and road conditions.
Lake Manyara is only about 1.5 to 2 hours away, making it a common stop before heading to Ngorongoro.
By Air
International Flights – Arrive at Kilimanjaro International Airport (JRO) near Arusha, or Julius Nyerere International Airport (DAR) in Dar es Salaam.
Domestic Flights – From Arusha or Dar es Salaam, take a domestic flight to Lake Manyara Airport or Seronera Airstrip in the Serengeti. From there, a safari vehicle can take you to Ngorongoro.
By Organized Safari
Book a private or group safari tour from Arusha or other nearby locations for minimal hassle. I booked mine with Travel Africa Safari Agency as part of a 6-day safari that included Tarangire, Ngorongoro, Serengeti, and Lake Manyara. Although some organisational aspects could be improved, it was a good quality-to-price ratio. They offer a so-called joining safari, which is a great way to save money and meet new people.
The best time to visit
The Best Time for wildlife viewing is June to October (Dry Season).
Animals are easier to spot as they gather around water sources. The weather is cooler and drier, making safaris more comfortable. Roads are in better condition compared to the rainy season. The crater offers great sightings year-round, but predators are more active in dry months.
Best Time for Green Landscapes and Fewer Crowds: November to May (Wet Season)
Lush green scenery with blooming flowers, great for photography. Fewer tourists, so you get a quieter and more intimate safari experience. The calving season (January to March) in the nearby Serengeti attracts predators, making it an exciting time to visit. Birdwatching is excellent, with migratory birds arriving.
When to Avoid
March to May is the peak of the long rains, which can make some roads muddy and harder to navigate. However, Ngorongoro Crater is still accessible year-round.
My experience
After the night at the campsite and filling breakfast, it was time to get into our Land Cruiser and descend into the crater. The only animal from the Big Five that we hadn’t seen was a rhino, so we had high hopes of seeing one down there!
First, we saw some wildebeests and zebras and then drove further to the lake to have a look at flamingos and hippos. The morning was quite cold and cloudy, but with every minute, the sky was clearing up. As we continued our game drive, we encountered elephants, buffalo, warthogs and quite a few lions, as always lying down without too much movement 🙂 Luckily, there was one which was more active, and it was walking along the road just next to safari cars and at one moment it decided to simply lie down near the wheel of a Land Cruiser. Pretty awesome!
Then, our driver heard on the radio that someone had spotted a rhino, so we rushed to the place. Indeed, two rhinos were standing in front of the small lake, however, the distance was significant, and we could see them clearly only through binoculars.
The lunch stop was near the pond with hippos, so we could hear them emerging from the water and heavy breathing. Very enjoyable place, although the sun was already out and it was getting very hot. Then, we slowly started heading towards the exit. The way out of the crater is different from the way in.
Overall, I would place Ngorongoro Crater in the second place of my favourite places during a 6-day safari, just after the Serengeti. There is something magical in observing the crater from the viewpoint at the rim and then descending to the bottom and seeing all the animals roaming around. A real theatre of life and death!
Nearby places worth visiting
Ngorongoro Crater Viewpoint
An obligatory stop before driving down into the crater! The panorama and vastness of the place are simply breathtaking.
Olduvai Gorge and the Museum
One of the world’s most important paleoanthropological sites, often called the “Cradle of Mankind”. It has provided crucial evidence of early human evolution. Archaeologists Louis and Mary Leakey made groundbreaking discoveries here, including fossils of Homo habilis (about 1.9 million years old) and Paranthropus boisei (about 1.8 million years old).
Some of the oldest known stone tools, dating back 1.7 to 2.1 million years, were found in the gorge, showing early human technological advancement. The gorge’s layers reveal a timeline of human evolution over nearly 2 million years, including shifts in climate and environment.
The Olduvai Museum displays fossils, tools, and exhibits about early human ancestors. In the area, there are also Shifting Sands, unique crescent-shaped dunes of volcanic ash that move slowly across the plains, as well as Laetoli Footprints, 3.6-million-year-old footprints of early hominins, proving bipedalism.
The museum is a short detour from the main road between Ngorongoro and Serengeti, however, you will need more time if you wish to discover Shifting Sands or Laetoli Footprints.
Olmoti Crater
Olmoti Crater is a shallow, grass-covered volcanic caldera north of the famous Ngorongoro Crater. It is less visited, making it a peaceful spot for those exploring nature on foot.
The crater is covered in lush grasslands and dotted with wildflowers, offering a different landscape from Ngorongoro’s rugged terrain. It has gentle slopes rather than steep crater walls. You may see buffalo, eland, bushbucks, zebras, and various bird species. There are fewer predators, making it safer for walking safaris. The Maasai people graze their cattle in the crater, offering visitors a chance to observe their traditional way of life.
Unlike Ngorongoro, Olmoti is explored on foot. A guided hike (about 30–45 minutes each way) takes you to the crater rim and the Munge Waterfall viewpoint. Visitors must be accompanied by an armed ranger for safety.
Lake Empakaai
Lake Empakaai is a crater lake located within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. It sits inside the Empakaai Crater, a lesser-known but equally breathtaking volcanic caldera about 40 km northeast of the Ngorongoro Crater. The lake covers most of the crater floor, surrounded by steep, forested cliffs that rise to 300 meters, creating a dramatic and secluded landscape.
The lake has a striking deep blue-green colour, often reflecting the surrounding cliffs and sky. On clear days, you can see as far as Ol Doinyo Lengai, an active volcano, and even Lake Natron. Flamingos are often seen wading in the lake, along with other bird species. You might also spot buffalo, bushbucks, blue monkeys, and even leopards in the surrounding forest.
It is typically accessed via a guided walking safari, starting from the Nainokanoka ranger post. You must be accompanied by an armed ranger. The descent on foot into the crater takes about 30–45 minutes, and the hike back up can be challenging but rewarding.
Tarangire National Park is a wildlife reserve in northern Tanzania, known for its large elephant population, diverse landscapes, and rich biodiversity. It covers approximately 2,850 square kilometres and is part of Tanzania’s popular Northern Safari Circuit, which includes Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Crater.
It is home to one of the largest elephant populations in Tanzania. You may also spot lions, leopards, cheetahs, giraffes, zebras, buffalo, wildebeest, and over 500 bird species.
Tarangire River is the park’s lifeline and attracts wildlife year-round. In the dry season (June–October), animals from surrounding areas migrate here for water.
The park’s landscape is known for its iconic baobab trees, also known as the “Tree of Life.” Other than that, you will experience rolling savannas, wetlands, and acacia woodlands.
How to get there?
Getting to Tarangire National Park is relatively easy, especially if travelling from Arusha, which is northern Tanzania’s main safari gateway. Here are the main ways to reach the park:
By Road
Tarangire is about 120 km southwest of Arusha, and the drive takes 2 to 3 hours via the Great North Road (A104) and then a turnoff towards the park.
From Kilimanjaro International Airport (JRO): About 160 km, taking 3.5 to 4 hours by road.
From Serengeti or Ngorongoro: You can drive from the Ngorongoro Crater (about 4–5 hours) or the Serengeti (around 6–7 hours).
The roads leading to the park are mostly paved, except for the last section, which is a dirt road. A 4×4 vehicle is recommended, especially during the rainy season (March-May), when some roads may become muddy.
By Air
The closest airstrip is Kuro Airstrip, located inside the park. Charter or scheduled flights operate from Arusha Airport (ARK), Kilimanjaro International Airport (JRO), Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, and Serengeti. Airlines like Coastal Aviation, Auric Air, and Regional Air offer flights. Once you land, lodges and safari operators arrange pickups from Kuro Airstrip. Needless to say, this option is very expensive.
Organized safari
Book a private or group safari tour from Arusha or other nearby locations for minimal hassle. I booked mine with Travel Africa Safari Agency as part of a 6-day safari that included Tarangire, Ngorongoro, Serengeti, and Lake Manyara. Although some organisational aspects could be improved, it was a good quality-to-price ratio. They offer a so-called joining safari, which is a great way to save money and meet new people.
The best time to visit
The best time to visit Tarangire National Park depends on what you want to experience, but generally, the dry season (June–October) is the most popular for wildlife viewing.
Animals gather around the Tarangire River, making them easier to spot. It’s dry, sunny, and warm during the day (25–30°C). Cool nights. Best for observing elephants, big cats, and large herds of zebras, wildebeests, and buffalo.
Wet Season (November–May) comes with lush green landscapes, fewer tourists, and over 500 bird species (many migratory). The weather is warm and humid, with occasional rains (mostly short afternoon showers). The downside is that the wildlife is more spread out, and some roads may be muddy.
My experience
I visited Tarangire National Park at the end of January 2025, and the park itself was so-so. There were a lot of cars and all of them were going the same route, therefore sometimes you could have the feeling that you are stuck in a traffic jam. And the traffic jam got pretty serious when someone said on the radio that they saw a leopard. We made a really small loop in the park, and I had the feeling there was so much more to discover if only the drivers were more willing to spread out in the area.
The highlights were giraffes, elephants and the leopard, even though we could see them only from a far distance. Other than that, we saw a lot of birds, but I’m not too much fan of those.
Lunch was served at the rest point, which had a panoramic view of the river.
Was it worth it?
If Tarangire is the only park that you are going to visit, you may end up disappointed especially if you visit in the wrong season. It can get crowded and I had the feeling that all the cars we doing the same, relatively short loop. We were out of the park around 3 PM which was way too early for me.
If it’s just a stopover on the way to Ngorongoro and Serengeti, then it is a nice introduction to what awaits you in the next few days. If you are not planning to visit other parks, maybe it’s a good idea to spend the night in Tarangire and continue the safari the next day. It will significantly raise the costs of the safari, but you get the chance to experience the place in the early morning or late afternoon when day trippers are out.
Bongoyo Island is a small, uninhabited island, located about 7 kilometers north of Dar es Salaam. It is a popular destination for locals and tourists seeking a peaceful escape from the city.
The island features a mix of coastal vegetation and some baobab trees. Marine life includes tropical fish and occasional sightings of sea turtles and other aquatic species.
There are basic facilities such as a small restaurant that serves freshly caught seafood and drinks. As soon as you arrive, the local guys will approach you with the menu. Choose whatever you want and say at what time you would like it to be served.
How to get there?
The island can be accessed via a short boat ride from the Slipway shopping and leisure complex in the Masaki Peninsula. The boat ride typically takes about 30 minutes.
Tickets can be bought in a small office opposite The Waterfront Restaurant. You have to register online and pay an entrance fee, but only credit card payments are accepted. Be sure to bring a receipt for paying the national park entrance fee, as the staff will check it after arriving at the island. Boats come and go several times a day, but the best is to arrive is around 9-10 AM and wait for other tourists to join and share the cost of the boat. There is a minimum of 4 people in a boat, and the ride costs 30.000 TZS.
Besides that, you will need to pay an entrance fee for the marine reserve, which is about 18 USD for non-residents.
Little shelters and sunbeds cost 5,000 TZS and are well worth it if you want to spend a few hours on the beach.
How to get around?
It’s a really small island, and most people decide to stay on the beach for the whole day. There are hiking trails in the forest, so if you need to stretch your legs, it’s a great opportunity! You may take a guide, but with the offline map on Mapy.CZ, you can’t get lost.
The best time to visit
The best time to visit Bongoyo Island is during the dry season, which runs from June to October and January to February. During this time, the weather is sunny, with clear skies, calm seas, and minimal rainfall, making it ideal for outdoor activities like swimming, snorkelling, and relaxing on the beach.
Where to stay?
There are options to camp on the island (for an additional fee), but most people come for a day tour only. If you are looking for a budget-friendly accommodation in the Masaki area, which is close to the Slipway and boat terminal, then I recommend Gallivanters Hostel.
Clear waters near Bongoyo Island
What to do in Bongoyo Island?
Bongoyo Island is known for its pristine white sandy beaches, especially on its western side. Thatched bandas (huts) are available for rent, offering shade and a place to relax.
The surrounding coral reefs provide opportunities for snorkelling, allowing visitors to explore marine life. Equipment can be rented at the restaurant, but don’t expect good quality.
Sunbeds with the viewThe view of nearby Mbudya Island
There are two nature trails on the island. You may first take the Shark Lagoon Trail, which follows the coast and later connects with the Central Trail leading to the ruins of the German House, built in 1881, where colonial guards once held slaves before their journey to major markets. Along the trail, you can also explore some less-visited beaches.
Overall, Bongoyo Island is a nice getaway from the hassle and bustle of Tanzania’s biggest city, Dar es Salaam!
Bagamoyo, a coastal town in Tanzania, has a rich and multifaceted history shaped by its role as a trade centre, a hub for spreading religion, and a site of colonial influence.
It is recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its historical significance. It remains a cultural and tourist attraction, with key sites such as The Old Fort, Kaole Ruins, The German Boma and Livingstone Tower.
History
The name “Bagamoyo” is derived from the Swahili phrase Bwaga-Moyo, meaning “Lay down your heart.” This reflects the despair of captives brought there during the height of the East African slave trade.
Before its prominence as a trade centre, Bagamoyo was a small fishing and farming village inhabited by the Wakwere and Zaramo people.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Bagamoyo became a major port for the Indian Ocean slave trade. Enslaved Africans from the interior were transported to the coast and sold to traders who shipped them to Zanzibar, the Middle East, and beyond.
Alongside slaves, ivory was another significant commodity traded through Bagamoyo.
In the 1860s, Bagamoyo became a hub for Christian missionary activities. The Catholic Holy Ghost Fathers established a mission station in 1868. This mission aimed to convert freed slaves and offer them refuge.
The town is full of historic buildings
The mission is still operational and remains a key historical site, including the first church in East Africa.
Bagamoyo was a launching point for several famous European explorers of Africa, such as Richard Francis Burton, John Hanning Speke, and David Livingstone. The town was also a key stop for caravans travelling between the interior and the coast.
The town became part of German East Africa in the late 19th century. It briefly served as the capital before the administrative centre moved to Dar es Salaam in 1891. The Germans built several administrative and military structures in Bagamoyo, remnants of which are still visible today.
After the decline of the slave trade and the shift of administrative focus to Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo lost much of its economic and political significance. However, its historical importance has been preserved through its architecture and cultural sites.
How to get there?
Bagamoyo is located about 65 kilometres (40 miles) north of Dar es Salaam, and you can get there via the following options:
By Public Transport
Daladalas are shared minibuses that operate between Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo. Head to the Makumbusho Bus Terminal and get a transport to Bunju. There, you will need to change to another bus going to Bagamoyo.
The option is slow and uncomfortable, especially if you have luggage.
By Private Transfer / Taxi
Taxis can be booked using ride-hailing applications such as Bolt or Uber. Alternatively, you can arrange a private transfer through your hotel or a local tour operator.
You can rent a car at the airport or in Dar es Salaam. The drive to Bagamoyo takes 1-1.5 hours via the Bagamoyo Road (A14). The road is in good condition for most of the route.
By Organized Tour
Many tour companies in Dar es Salaam offer day trips or multi-day packages to Bagamoyo, often including guided visits to historical sites.
How to get around Bagamoyo?
Once in Bagamoyo, you can explore the town on foot, by bicycle, or using local transport like motorbike taxis (boda-bodas).
The best time to visit
The most favourable weather in Bagamoyo is during the dry seasons, as temperatures are comfortable and rainfall is minimal.
Dry Season (June to October)
Cool and dry with average temperatures around 25–30°C. Perfect for exploring historical sites, beaches, and cultural attractions without the hassle of rain.
Clear skies and calm seas for beach activities. Ideal for outdoor exploration and photography.
Short Dry Season (January to February)
Warm and relatively dry after the short rains (November–December). Great for a quieter experience and less crowded beaches.
Bagamoyo experiences two rainy seasons:
Long Rains (March to May)
Heavy rains can cause flooding and make travel more challenging. Roads may become muddy or difficult to navigate, especially for daladala users. Historical sites and beaches are less enjoyable due to wet conditions.
Short Rains (November to December)
These rains are lighter but can still disrupt outdoor plans.
Where to stay?
I stayed at IDC Guest House, and it was an excellent choice. The room was cosy and breakfast, included in the price, was tasty. The only negative side was the weak internet inside the room.
What to see in Bagamoyo?
Stone Town
Old Arab Fort
It was most likely constructed by Abdallah Selemani Marhabi and is the oldest stone structure in Bagamoyo. In 1856, Sultan Majid (Zanzibar) converted the formerly private structure into a fort. The fort was acquired by the trader Sewa Haji in 1890, and in 1894, he turned it over to the Germans. After that, it was extended and served as a garrison.
The English used it as a prison following World War I and as a police station following independence.
Old Arab Fort
Hanging Place
In December 1889, the Germans hanged six Arabs who had backed the Bushiri rebellion against German colonial rule. On December 15, 1889, the Germans executed Leader Bushiri in Pangani.
In honour of all the resistance fighters killed during the German colonial era, the well-known “Hanging Tree,” which stands between the Old Fort and the seashore, is now a national monument.
Hanging Place
The German Cemetery
Between the port and the Bagamoyo College of Arts, right on the shore, is the former German colonial cemetery.
There are twenty burials here, including the graves of Gretel Schuller, who passed away six days after her birth, Antonie Bäumler, a German nurse who died on September 24, 1889, and eighteen German soldiers.
The cemetery was used between 1889 and 1894. The British District Commissioner, Hon. William Bamphile, who died in 1939, rests in a separate grave outside the German graves.
Old German Boma
Following independence, the Bagamoyo District’s administration spent several years in the Boma before being forced to vacate the structure because of its deteriorating condition.
The front facade and balcony of the building fell due to the El Nino rains in 1998.
Old German Boma
Old Bagamoyo Customs House
A new customs office with two towers at either end of the structure was constructed right at the Dhau Harbour in 1894–1895. It is the location where slaves were compelled to board boats and sent to Zanzibar’s infamous slave market.
Bagamoyo Old Market And Arts Market
When the Germans built the Old Slave Market in 1897, it housed market stalls, three shops, and a restaurant. The activity of the market declined as the city’s importance as a caravan trading post declined. The government of Tanzania gave the market to the artists to use as the Bagamoyo Art Market.
Catholic Historic Museum and Mission Cross
The Holy Ghost Fathers founded the pioneer mission after they were donated the land needed for it in 1868 by Sultan Majid. The modern Holy Ghost Church was constructed between 1910 and 1914, although the previous, which was constructed in 1872, is said to be the oldest church on the East African mainland. In 1874, David Livingstone was interred for a night at the Holy Ghost Mission and the Livingstone Tower, a component of the original chapel, is named in his honour.
The museum includes information about the slave trade, missionaries, the life of the people and some collections of artefacts of the indigenous tribes.
Entrance fee: 20.000 TZS for foreigners.
On the beach, directly across from the Catholic mission, is the imposing Mission Cross, which was built in 1993 to honour the first missionaries to arrive in East Africa in 1868 and the Christianization of Africa.
Catholic Historic MuseumCatholic Historic Museum
Bagamoyo Beach
Wonderful and lively place to walk around and to swim. There are many boats, snack sellers and plenty of locals hanging out in the afternoon.
The view from Bagamoyo Beach
The Caravan Serai Slave Trade Museum
One of the sites of remembrance connected to the ivory and slave trade operations of the 19th century, which features Swahili-Islamic architecture. Mr Said Magram Awadh, an Arab trader with a coconut plantation in Bagamoyo, constructed the two-story structure in the 1860s.
Coins, various ceramics, beads, and other anthropological artefacts related to the slave and ivory trade during the 19th century are on show in the museum.
It’s a small place which is quite expensive for foreigners: entrance is 23.000 TZS + tip for the guide, and it doesn’t add much more to the knowledge that you get after the visit to the Old Arab Fort.
Kaole Ruins
An archaeological site that offers a glimpse into the Swahili culture and early Islamic influence on the East African coast. The ruins are located approximately 5 kilometres south of Bagamoyo. They are among the oldest remnants of settlement in the region, dating back to the 13th century, though some parts might be even older. Kaole was part of the larger Swahili Coast trading network, which connected East Africa with Arabia, Persia, and Asia. The settlement declined in importance with the rise of Bagamoyo and changes in trade routes.
The site contains the remains of two mosques, dating back to the 13th and 15th centuries. These mosques are believed to have been built by Arab and Persian traders who brought Islam to the area. The architectural style reflects early Swahili Islamic design, using coral stone and limestone.
Several pillar tombs are scattered across the site, a characteristic feature of early Islamic burial practices along the Swahili coast. Some tombs are said to belong to prominent leaders, while others are thought to be the graves of Arab traders and locals. A notable feature is the 15th-century tomb, believed to have been a shrine for religious purposes.
Excavations at Kaole have uncovered pottery, coins, and other artefacts that indicate the settlement was an important trading hub. Items found suggest trade connections with the Middle East, India, and other parts of the Indian Ocean world.
Ceuta, a small yet strategically vital city on the northern tip of Africa, has a history as rich as it is complex. Its geographic position at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea shapes its story, which spans millennia and is a mix of cultural, economic, and military significance.
Today, Ceuta is one of Spain’s autonomous cities. The city faces challenges, particularly as a focal point of migration from Africa to Europe, and remains a politically sensitive area, with Morocco claiming sovereignty over it.
History
Ceuta’s history begins with the Phoenicians around the 7th century BCE, who established a settlement they called Abyla. This was a key point in their trade routes, connecting the Atlantic and Mediterranean worlds. Over the centuries, the Carthaginians and later the Romans took control of the region. Under Roman rule, Ceuta, known as Septem, became a key administrative and military post. Its proximity to the Iberian Peninsula gave it immense strategic value for controlling maritime traffic.
With the decline of the Roman Empire, Ceuta saw successive waves of conquest. The Vandals, Byzantines, and Visigoths each held sway over the city at various times. In 710, Ceuta became a staging ground for one of history’s pivotal moments: the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The Berber leader Tariq ibn Ziyad launched his invasion from near Ceuta, crossing the Strait of Gibraltar and setting off centuries of Islamic rule in Spain.
For much of the medieval period, Ceuta was governed by Muslim dynasties, including the Umayyads, Almoravids, and Almohads. It flourished as a trade centre, linking the Islamic world with sub-Saharan Africa and Europe.
The panorama of Ceuta
In 1415, Ceuta underwent a dramatic shift when Portugal conquered it. This marked the beginning of European colonial expansion into Africa. The Portuguese saw Ceuta as a key to controlling trade in gold, spices, and slaves from Africa and as a foothold against Muslim powers. However, the conquest also disrupted traditional trade networks, diminishing the city’s economic vitality.
When Portugal and Spain united under the Iberian Union in 1580, Ceuta effectively came under Spanish influence. Even after Portugal regained independence in 1640, Ceuta chose to remain under Spanish sovereignty. This decision set the stage for its modern status as a Spanish enclave in Africa.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Ceuta evolved into a fortified Spanish outpost, reflecting its importance in European geopolitics. The city became a penal colony for Spain, housing political prisoners and convicts. Its strategic location again came to prominence during the 20th century, particularly during the Spanish Civil War and the era of decolonization in Africa.
How to get there?
Getting to Ceuta involves travelling to the northern tip of Morocco or southern Spain, as it is a Spanish enclave on the African continent.
By Ferry
The most common way to reach Ceuta from Spain is by ferry from Algeciras, a port city on Spain’s southern coast near Gibraltar. Several ferry companies operate daily trips, with the journey taking about 1–1.5 hours. Ferries accommodate passengers, vehicles, and cargo, making it convenient if you plan to drive around Ceuta.
You can also reach Ceuta indirectly by taking a ferry from southern Spain (e.g., Algeciras) to Tangier and then travelling overland to the border.
By Land
Ceuta is directly adjacent to Morocco, and you can cross the border at Tarajal, near the Moroccan city of Fnideq (also called Castillejos). To cross the border, you’ll need proper documentation: EU/Schengen citizens usually just need a passport, while non-EU citizens may require a visa to enter Ceuta (treated as EU territory).
It’s a pleasant 3-kilometre walk along the seaside from the border to the city centre. Highly recommended if you don’t travel with heavy luggage. Otherwise, you may look for a city bus.
By Taxi or Bus
From major Moroccan cities like Tetouan or Tangier, you can take a bus or taxi to Fnideq and then walk across the border to Ceuta. The journey from Tangier to Fnideq takes about 1.5–2 hours by road.
Getting around Ceuta is relatively easy due to its small size, compact layout, and well-maintained infrastructure.
Ceuta’s main attractions, such as the Royal Walls (Murallas Reales), Plaza de África, and the Cathedral, are located within walking distance of each other in the city centre. The promenade along the waterfront is particularly scenic and pedestrian-friendly.
A network of urban buses connects the city centre with outlying neighbourhoods and key spots, including beaches. Fares are affordable, and buses are reliable for short distances.
Taxis are plentiful and can be hailed on the street or at taxi stands near the ferry terminal, major hotels, and popular attractions. Taxis use meters, but it’s good to confirm the price before starting longer trips.
Ceuta has good roads, and parking is available, though it may be limited in the busy city centre.
Wooden boardwalk along the sea
The best time to visit
The best time to visit Tangier largely depends on your preferences for weather, activities, and crowd levels.
Spring (March to May)
Pleasant temperatures averaging 15–23°C. Ideal for exploring the city, walking tours, and outdoor activities like hiking on Monte Hacho. Flowers are in bloom, making it a beautiful time for photography and scenic views.
Summer (June to August)
Warm to hot weather, with temperatures ranging from 22–30°C. Perfect for enjoying Ceuta’s beaches like Playa de la Ribera or Playa del Chorrillo. Clear skies and long days for outdoor activities. The busiest time of year is when it coincides with the European and Moroccan holiday seasons. Higher accommodation prices and hotter conditions for city sightseeing.
Autumn (September to November)
Warm, comfortable temperatures averaging 18–25°C. The sea is still warm from summer, making it great for swimming without the crowds. A quieter time to explore the city’s historical sites.
Winter (December to February)
Mild winter weather, with temperatures around 12–18°C. Perfect for walking tours and exploring historical sites without worrying about the heat. Lower accommodation prices and fewer tourists. Cooler weather makes swimming and some outdoor activities less appealing.
Where to stay?
I was looking for a budget private room and got one in Hostal Plaza Ruiz. It was located in the city centre along a busy shopping street. The room and bathroom were very small but it was alright for a short stay as I was spending most of the time outside the room anyway.
Architecture in the city centre
What to see in Ceuta?
Ravelin of Saint Ignatius and the Royal Walls of Ceuta
Ancient Ceuta was bounded by the Royal Walls Monumental Complex. The Royal Moat, which has been navigable since the time of Portuguese dominion, is located beyond the Walls. East of this Moat lie the oldest fortress of the Walls: the Fortresses of Bandera and Coraza Alta y su Caballero, as well as the Mallorquines Fortress, which houses the city’s tourism office. As a defence mechanism, the Bridge of Christ, which connected the Walls and the Mallorquines Fortress, could be raised in the past. At a specific point in the afternoon, a cannon shot was fired to indicate that it would be closed, cutting off the city from the surrounding area.
The parade field is surrounded by Saint Francis Xavier’s Counterguard, Saint Paul’s Fortress, and Saint Ignatius’ Ravelin. There is a free museum located inside the last one, presenting paintings in three main areas based on the origin of the artists: Ceuta, those linked to the City and the School of Tetouan.
The Royal Walls of Ceuta
Shrine of Our Lady of Africa
The Virgin of Africa is Ceuta’s patron saint. Henry the Navigator, the Infante of Portugal, brought the statue in 1418. The 600th anniversary of the Virgin of Africa’s arrival in Ceuta was commemorated in 2018.
Cathedral of the Assumption
A rudimentary Eastern Roman Christian church stood here before the incredibly wealthy Great Mosque of Ceuta took its place. There is no documentation of the changes made to the Great Mosque to convert it into a Christian church following the Portuguese conquest in 1415. After the edifice was destroyed by war-related events and the passage of time, a new church constructed by architect Juan de Ochoa was chosen to replace it around the end of the 17th century. Construction started in 1686, but the new cathedral wasn’t consecrated until 1726 because of the severe siege that Ceuta endured.
Palace of Assembly
The elegantly designed building was inaugurated in 1927 by King Alfonso XIII and Doña Victoria Eugenia. Its interior features the French-style Throne Room, decorated with frescoes by the artist Mariano Bertuchi. It also has a Meeting Room adorned with Spanish Renaissance-style furniture. The facade is very beautiful and well-preserved.
Tardorromana Basilica Museum
The architectural remnants of an old basilica, including a bridge over open tombs with skeletons, were found during street work in the 1980s and are combined into this masterfully designed underground museum. Unfortunately, no captions in English.
Statue of Hercules
The connection between Hercules and the Strait of Gibraltar is rooted in Greek and Roman mythology, where the hero Hercules (Heracles in Greek mythology) is said to have played a key role in shaping the geography of the region during one of his legendary Twelve Labours.
One of these labours involved travelling to the far western edge of the known world to capture the cattle of Geryon, a fearsome three-bodied giant who lived on the island of Erytheia (often identified with the Iberian Peninsula or nearby regions).
On his journey to Erytheia, Hercules faced a massive mountain range that blocked his path. To pass through, Hercules either smashed through the mountains with his immense strength, separating Europe and Africa, and allowing the Atlantic Ocean to flow into the Mediterranean or pulled the mountains apart, creating the two towering landforms that stand on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar.
These landforms became known as the Pillars of Hercules, symbolizing the gateway to the unknown and marking the westernmost boundary of the ancient world. The northern pillar is traditionally identified as the Rock of Gibraltar, located on the European side. The southern pillar is less definitively identified but is often associated with Jebel Musa, a mountain in Morocco, or Mount Hacho near Ceuta.
One of the two Statues of Hercules in Ceuta
Museum of Revelin
A very small museum with archaeological exhibits. All of the artefacts were discovered in the sites in the heart of the urban area. There are explanatory panels about the original location of the finds as well as the daily life of the families who used the utensils and ornaments on display.
Military Museum of the Legion
The Military Museum of the Legion was established in 1940 to celebrate the Spanish Legion. The Legion and its museum moved to Ceuta in 1956 when Morocco gained independence from Spain.
Weapons, uniforms, flags, and other things taken from the enemy during the conflicts in which the Legion had fought are all part of the Legion Museum’s collection.
Military Museum of the Legion
Mediterranean Maritime Park (Parque Marítimo del Mediterráneo)
Three huge, well-maintained pools right beside the marina, filled with salty and very cold water! There are also some food options and plenty of sunbeds.
Casa de los Dragones
Designed by Valencian architect José M. Cortina Pérez and finished in 1905, the structure was commissioned in 1900 by Francisco Cerni González, who served as mayor of Ceuta from 1897 to 1903, in collaboration with his brother Ricardo.
The house’s subsequent owners were Ricardo’s sons. This was the location of the Spanish Falange party’s offices following the 1936 revolution. In 1946, the house was sold. Salomón Benhamú Roffé paid for the facade’s repairs in 1973 and 1996.
The original dragons were removed in 1925 and lost, but four new dragons have been designed by Antonio Romero Vallejo.
Unfortunately, the interior is closed to visitors.
Church of Saint Francis
IA characteristic yellow, twin-towered, Baroque edifice that lies beside the Plaza de los Reyes. It was constructed in the early eighteenth century in honour of the Holy Cross and is known for its Baroque altarpieces and images of the Virgin and Christ.
Plaza de Los Reyes
Adjacent to the twin-towered yellow Church of Saint Francis is this plaza with its green triumphal arch and fountain. A statue honouring Ceuta’s holy week in the northwest corner depicts a father holding hands with a child while wearing a capirote, a conical, hooded hat.
Plaza de Los Reyes
Arab Baths (Baño árabe de la plaza de la Paz)
Public baths were located near the Medina quarter’s northern outskirts. Remains of a roadway and a household building from the 11th century show that this location was inhabited around that time. The two baths weren’t constructed until the 12th and 13th centuries. According to archaeological studies conducted in 2000 and 2004, the baths featured a single room for clothing and toilets, followed by a cold and then a hot bath in the Roman style.
Mirador Batería del Espino o del Pintor (Viewpoint)
Definitely worth the uphill climb for the beautiful views of Ceuta and the Mediterranean Sea.
Hacho Mountain (Monte Hacho)
Monte Hacho is situated on a peninsula that juts into the Mediterranean Sea. Its strategic position has made it a key point for controlling maritime traffic through the Strait of Gibraltar. Along with Gibraltar on the European side of the strait, Monte Hacho is sometimes considered one of the Pillars of Hercules, an ancient geographical concept marking the entrance to the Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean.
One of the key features of Monte Hacho is the Fortaleza del Monte Hacho (Fortress of Monte Hacho). This fortress has served multiple roles throughout history, including as a defensive stronghold, a prison, and a military installation.
The exact origins of the fortress are uncertain, but it is believed to date back to the Byzantine or Moorish periods. Some sources suggest it may have been built during the 6th or 7th century when the Byzantines were reinforcing their control over the North African coast.
Hacho Mountain is seen in the background
During the Islamic rule of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, the fortress was likely expanded and fortified as part of the broader defensive network in the region.
After Ceuta was taken by the Portuguese in 1415 and subsequently transferred to Spanish rule in the 17th century, the fortress was further fortified. The Spanish turned it into a key defensive structure to protect Ceuta from potential invasions, particularly during the conflicts with Morocco and other regional powers.
Over time, the fortress served various roles, including as a prison and a military garrison. Today, parts of it are still used by the Spanish military, though it is also a site of historical and cultural interest.
Monte Hacho is also surrounded by natural beauty, with trails and scenic spots making it a popular destination for hiking and outdoor activities. However, the fortress is closed to visitors.
Castle of Santa Catalina (Castillo de Santa Catalina)
The park with the ruins of the castle is quite neglected, although the views of the Strait of Gibraltar are nice.
Punta Almina Lighthouse (Faro Punta Almina)
It was designed by Juan Martínez de la Villa in 1851. The building is made of masonry and a white cylindrical tower. The focal height is 145.17 m above sea level, with a range of 22 nautical miles. Nearby are the ruins of the old fort (Fortin de Punta Almina).
Fort of El Desnarigado (Castillo del Desnarigado)
The exact date of its construction is uncertain, but the castle is believed to have been built during the 19th century as part of Ceuta’s defensive network. It was designed to protect the city from potential naval and land attacks.
The Castillo del Desnarigado is no longer used for military purposes and has been repurposed as a cultural and historical site. It houses a military museum, where visitors can explore exhibits about the history of Ceuta, including its military past and maritime significance.
Fort of El DesnarigadoFort of El Desnarigado
Desnarigado Cove (Cala del Desnarigado)
It’s a beautiful place to go swimming or just to watch the sunset. The beach is made of stones, but it’s extremely calm and has very few people.
Beaches
The beaches in Ceuta vary from urban stretches with amenities to quieter, more natural spots.
Playa de la Ribera and Playa del Chorillo are the closest to the city centre. A bit further, but still easily accessible with public transport, are Playa San Amaro, Playa Benítez, Playa Calamocarro and Playa de Benzú.
Mirador de Benzu
Spectacular views at the place where mountains meet the sea. You may notice the Ceuta border fence, which separates it from Morocco. Easily accessible with bus #5.
Mirador de Benzu
Mirador de Beliunes and Mirador de Isabel II
These viewpoints have some great panoramas but are located inland, along the N-362 road, so they are more difficult to reach. Private transport is essential unless you like long walks 🙂
Phan Rang-Thap Cham is a region rich in history, culture, and natural beauty. Its story weaves together the ancient heritage of the Champa Kingdom, colonial influences, and its modern significance.
A brief history
Phan Rang-Thap Cham is best known as the heartland of the Champa civilization, which flourished from the 2nd century CE until the 15th century. The Cham people, an Austronesian ethnic group, built an advanced maritime culture that traded with India, China, and the rest of Southeast Asia. They were deeply influenced by Hinduism and, later, Islam.
The region’s name, Thap Cham, directly refers to its most iconic relics: the Cham towers (tháp), which are ancient brick temples built by the Cham people. The Po Klong Garai Towers, located near Phan Rang, are among the best-preserved examples of Cham architecture. These towers, dedicated to the Hindu deity Shiva, were constructed during the reign of King Jaya Simhavarman III in the late 13th century.
By the 15th century, the Champa Kingdom declined due to repeated conflicts with Đại Việt (the precursor to modern Vietnam). In 1471, much of Champa’s territory was annexed by Đại Việt. Phan Rang remained one of the last Cham strongholds until it was fully absorbed in the 17th century. Despite this, Cham culture persisted, and the region became a melting pot of Cham, Vietnamese, and later French influences.
Nui Chua National Park
Under French colonial rule (19th-20th centuries), Phan Rang-Thap Cham gained strategic importance. The French built infrastructure, including roads and railways, linking the region to the rest of Vietnam. They also promoted agriculture, particularly grape and cotton cultivation, which remain vital to the local economy today.
Phan Rang-Thap Cham is now the capital of Ninh Thuận Province. It is known for its stunning natural landscapes, such as Ninh Chữ Beach, Vĩnh Hy Bay, and the nearby Núi Chúa National Park. The area also has a semi-arid climate, making it one of Vietnam’s top regions for solar and wind energy projects.
The Cham people still form a significant part of the local population and have preserved their cultural practices, including traditional weaving, pottery, and festivals like the Kate Festival, honouring their ancestors and deities.
How to get to Phan Rang–Thap Cham?
The city is well-connected to major cities in Vietnam, making it relatively easy to reach. Here’s how you can get there:
By Plane
The nearest airport is Cam Ranh International Airport (CXR), located in Nha Trang, about 60 kilometres north of Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm. From the airport, it is about a 1.5-hour drive to Phan Rang by rental car or taxi. Alternatively, shuttle buses operate from Cam Ranh to Phan Rang.
By Train
Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm has its train station, Tháp Chàm Railway Station, located on the North-South Railway (Reunification Line).
From Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) travel time is about 6-8 hours and there are many trains, including SE (express) and TN (slower) services.
From Hanoi, travel time is about 20-22 hours. Long-distance trains like SE2 and SE4 pass through Phan Rang. The train is a comfortable and scenic option, especially for those who enjoy experiencing the countryside.
By Bus
Numerous long-distance buses connect Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm to major cities. Check your connections on 12Go.com.
For those who prefer flexibility, renting a private car or motorbike is a great option.
From Ho Chi Minh City: Follow National Highway 1A northward.
From Nha Trang: Head south along National Highway 1A.
The drive offers scenic coastal views and opportunities to explore along the way.
When to go?
The best time to visit Phan Rang–Thap Cham is typically during the dry season from April to August. This period offers sunny weather with lower rain chances, making it ideal for enjoying the beaches and outdoor activities.
Where to stay?
I stayed at Cube Homestay, and it was an extremely clean and comfortable place, located within 800 metres of Binh Son Beach. Highly recommended!
How to get around?
Once in Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm, you can get around by taxi, motorbike taxis, or rented motorbikes. Exploring the city and nearby attractions like the Po Klong Garai Towers, Ninh Chữ Beach, and Vĩnh Hy Bay is easier with a motorbike or private car. Ask for one at your accommodation. They will either have one or get in touch with someone who can deliver it to you within minutes.
Beach in Núi Chúa National Park
What to do in Phan Rang–Thap Cham?
Ninh Thuận Museum
Thousands of artefacts are on display, bringing to life unique historical and cultural periods. The highlights are stuff related to Cham culture (e.g. pottery and woven looms), as well as testimonies of the anti-American period. The museum has unique architecture and consists of 4 floors.
Po Klong Garai Tower
The historic King Jaya Sinhavarman III constructed a Hindu Cham temple complex in honour of the mythical Po Klaung Garai, who ruled Panduranga from 1151 to 1205. Nonetheless, the existence of multiple steles from a previous age raises the possibility that Jaya Simhavarman only renovated pre-existing structures.
The military triumph of two Cham princes over the inhabitants of Panduranga in southern Champa was memorialized in an inscription dated 1050. The inscription states that the triumphant princes built a victory column and two lingas as a sign of their celebration.
Legend has it that Po Klong Garai, who began his life as a humble cowherd, was destined to become king of Champa and ruled prudently and in the interests of the populace. He held a tower-building competition as a peaceful means of resolving the Khmer invasion of his realm. The invaders were forced to return home after Po Klong Garai won the battle. Po Klong Garai became a god and guardian of humanity after his death. It is reported that the tower he constructed during his battle with the Khmer bears his name today.
Po Klong Garai Tower
Three brick towers make up the temple: a three-story main tower, a smaller gate tower, and an elongated tower with a saddle-like roof. A sculpture of the god Siva, considered a masterpiece of the Thap Mam Style, is located over the main tower’s entrance. According to legend, the tower with the saddle-like roof is devoted to Thang Chuh Yang Pui, the God of Flame. A 16th or 17th-century mukhalinga serves as the temple’s main sacred image. It’s a linga with a human face. The Cham claim that this linga is a statue of King Po Klaung Garai, while generally speaking, it is the symbol of the Hindu deity Siva.
Nam Cương Sand Dunes
Dunes totalling 700 hectares are located about eight kilometres southwest of Phan Rang – Thap Cham City. The place is much less popular than Mui Ne and usually, there are not many people. It’s a great spot for sunset.
Bình Sơn Sea Park and Phan Rang Beach
Long stretch of wide sandy beach, which could be a good alternative to noisy and packed beaches in Nha Trang. A public park is nearby.
Driving through Nui Chua National Park
The park spans an area of about 29,865 hectares and is part of the Ninh Thuận coastal region. It sits on the eastern slopes of the South Central Coast and encompasses a stretch of coastline along the South China Sea.
The park features rugged mountains, dry forests, and rocky coasts. The highest peak, Núi Chúa, rises to 1,039 meters above sea level.
With an average annual rainfall of 650 mm, it is the hottest and driest province in Vietnam. It also receives the least rainfall in south-central Vietnam.
A scooter ride along the coastal road DT702 is very rewarding, and it’s a great detour if you are heading towards Dalat.
Ninh Thuan Stone Park has naturally occurring rock formations of various sizes that are piled on top of one another. Over millions of years, they have been eroded away. The entrance cost is 40.000 VND.
Another interesting rock formation can be found at a place called Hang Rái (Rai Cave).
Hang Rai
Vinh Hy and its bay is still quite a wild place and majestic beauty without huge resorts. Adjacent to Nui Chua National Park, you have the sea on one side and mountains and forest on the other. Visitors can take boat tours, snorkel, and explore vibrant coral reefs. Don’t miss the excellent Đèo Cây Cóc Viewpoint.
Vinh Hy Bay
If you have more time to spare, hop on a boat to Binh Hung Island. This place is famous for its long and wide beaches and quiet atmosphere. The sea is not deep so it is suitable for snorkelling and diving to see coral.
Binh Hung IslandBinh Hung Island
When it comes to beaches, you may stop at Hom Beach (Bai Hom), Thung Beach, Bình Tiên or Robinson.
